Development Projects and the Limits of Moratoria

I am always struck at how vigorously some property owners oppose development projects, despite their having previously, and successfully, pursued identical projects. Do they not remember that they did the exact same thing? Is there some definition of fairness I am not aware of? Whatever the cause, it can be exasperating for the developer and detrimental to sound zoning and planning.

A recent case in my small town has really shined a light on just how absurd this can all be.

A landowner, in compliance with state law and as is her right, created a number of lots under the so-called 2 in 5 rule. Subject to a number of exemptions and exclusions, the general rule is that a landowner can create 2 lots in any 5-year period without needing municipal (i.e., planning board) approval. 30-A MRSA section 4401(4):

4. Subdivision. "Subdivision" means the division of a tract or parcel of land into 3 or more lots within any 5-year period that begins on or after September 23, 1971. This definition applies whether the division is accomplished by sale, lease, development, buildings or otherwise. The term "subdivision" also includes the division of a new structure or structures on a tract or parcel of land into 3 or more dwelling units within a 5-year period, the construction or placement of 3 or more dwelling units on a single tract or parcel of land and the division of an existing structure or structures previously used for commercial or industrial use into 3 or more dwelling units within a 5-year period.

For the landowner the benefits of this approach are numerous, but for the most part all revolve around not having to build infrastructure such as roads, sidewalks, electric utilities, water, sanitary sewer, and stormwater infrastructure, as well as not having to set aside or otherwise provide open or common space. For Maine’s relatively “cash poor, land rich” population, the 2 in 5 rule has been a way to monetize their land over time without a lot of upfront development costs or risks.

But back to my town where the land adjacent to this landowner’s 2 in 5 development was bought by a developer “from away,” who applied to the planning board for a residential subdivision approval. Almost a year later, the project is still languishing in front of planning board. The 2 in 5 landowner is now on the planning board and is circulating a citizens petition to enact a 24-month moratorium on any subdivision needing planning board approval. Putting aside the potential conflict of interest issues at play here, a 24-month moratorium is laughably illegal.

State law limits moratoria to a definite term of not more than 180 days. In certain circumstances, a moratoria may be extended for an additional term of not more than 180 days. Moratoria are not intended to simply stop development, but are instead intended to provide a municipality breathing room to thoughtfully look at issues and impacts around development and make evidenced-based policies to guide development.

In order to adopt a moratorium, the municipality must first have evidence that additional development is likely to overburden existing facilities or that there is a shortage of such facilities. What form this evidence takes is subject to some debate, ranging from mere statements from public facilities managers (e.g., school district, water district, sewer district, public works, and so on) to glossy consultant’s reports concluding that existing public facilities are or may be insufficient to adequately address additional development.

The second criteria is that the municipality’s comprehensive plan or ordinances are inadequate to protect resources from serious harm. I find this criteria sort of odd in that municipalities, if they have a zoning ordinance, must enact a zoning ordinance that is in compliance with a comprehensive plan, that, as its principal function is supposed to protect resources from serious harm and guide development in a responsibly and thoughtful way. It might be said that a moratorium allows a municipality to correct an otherwise deficient comprehensive plan.

Anytime a municipality considers a moratorium, it should do so carefully and thoughtfully.

Town Helps Residents End Water Rationing

In follow-up to our post last week, a real world example of when it is necessary for a municipality to intervene in a landlord tenant situation arose in Brunswick.

Because the wells were failing to keep up with demand of the 1,200 residents of the Bay Bridge Estates Mobile Home Park, its owners began rationing water by restricting supply during what they considered off-peak times during the day. This caused numerous complaints to the Town office from residents who were unable to adequately bathe, wash dishes, and do laundry. As Town Attorney for Brunswick, we sent a letter to the owners of the park pursuant to 14 M.R.S. § 6026-A, demanding that they provide both a short-term and long-term plan to address the water shortage within twenty-four hours. What followed was an exchange of correspondence, emails, and conference calls, which resulted in the owners agreeing to immediately begin drilling a new well and to pay, in the meantime, for water to be provided by the Brunswick Topsham Water District to fill their twelve 5,000-gallon storage tanks as necessary. The trucking of water allows residents to have full access to water without rationing or other restrictions. 

The new well is expected to be online by January 19, and will meet all anticipated water needs for the park going forward. In this case, on behalf of the Town, we were able to assist the residents through the crisis. The Town did not have to expend the costs of trucking the water, but was willing and prepared to do so and recover its costs under the statute if the owners had not agreed. This is clearly a case where it was necessary and helpful for a municipality to intervene in a dispute between tenants and their landlord.

Update on Marijuana Progress at the Maine Legislature

As of early June 2017, Maine’s implementation of the legalization of marijuana for adult use continues to chug along. The Maine Legislature’s Joint-Select Marijuana Legalization Implementation Committee has been meeting several times per week now for months, poring over the initiated Marijuana Legalization Act and each potential facet of the forthcoming structure it has called for.

After the MLA’s passage last November, the incoming 128th Maine Legislature submitted more than 70 marijuana-related bills pertinent to all areas of legalization and the state’s existing medical marijuana program. More than 30 of these bills have been carried over for the MLI Committee’s work later this summer, fall, and next session. However, the Committee also has the power to report out its own legislation, which it has already done, passing LD 243 (assigning licensing authority to DAFS) and a recently passed bill to mandate laboratory testing of marijuana and marijuana products and set up a licensure program for these laboratories. Both of these bills have yet to be signed by the governor and enacted into law.

In the meantime, the Committee has been engaged in in-depth discussion around everything from what cultivation, retail, enforcement, and implementation timing will look like. Amid these proceedings, the Legislature will be eager to make use of any potential revenue collected from the taxation of marijuana. Following adjournment of the First Regular Session, the Committee’s plan is to meet in July and August and report out an omnibus bill, establishing an adult use program, to a Special Session of the Legislature in the fall.

While the Legislature has been working on implementation of the Adult Use Program, the Department of Health and Human Services has been undergoing a rewrite of rules for the Maine Medical Use of Marijuana Program (MMUMP). Through this rewrite, DHHS is seeking to provide patients, caregivers, dispensaries, municipalities, and Maine citizens more clarity and guidance in the MMUMP. Participants in the MMUMP and municipalities, especially, have been seeking this guidance for quite some time, as the rules have not been amended since 2013, despite numerous statutory changes.

On June 14, DHHS held a public hearing at the Augusta Civic Center to take public comment on these rules. Fewer than 50 folks, mostly caregivers, testified at the public hearing. Most of their comments were in support of the program and in opposition to DHHS’s efforts to bring greater clarity and effective enforcement to the program. The deadline to provide written comments to DHHS is June 26.

Here is a link to further information on the rules and the rulemaking process:

http://www.maine.gov/dhhs/mecdc/rules/maine-cdc-rules.shtml

Maine Municipal Law Update: Biennial Budget, Marijuana Legalization & Opportunity Agenda

Maine's Biennial Budget

Legislative work continues to steadily flow in Augusta, Maine as more bills are taken up by policy committees and many of them are meeting passage or being killed. In addition, the state’s biennial budget is slowly inching forward as the Appropriations & Financial Committee has accepted non-controversial initiatives, and will soon tackle the more contentious ones.

The Marijuana Legalization Implementation Committee

In the meantime, the implementation of adult-use marijuana legalization continues to pose interesting and as-yet undecided policy questions to the Marijuana Legalization Implementation Committee (MLI) and the State House’s respective party caucuses.

The MLI has thus far held a series of public hearings allowing any and all members of the public to voice a range of opinions around marijuana policy, including the state’s preexisting medical program. However, only LD 243 has been taken up in MLI. This bill, after being extensively worked by the committee received a 16-1 “ought to pass as amended” vote.  It is now poised to establish a “hub and spokes” model of licensing that would be centered on the Department of Administrative and Financial Services (DAFS) with major “spokes” extending to the Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages and Lottery Operations (BABLO) and the Department of Agriculture, Conservation, and Forestry (DACF). BABLO, an organization that exists within DAFS, would regulate packaging and retail, while DACF would regulate cultivation. 

The Committee will continue to meet regularly through the end of session and continue through the interim period between sessions.  The Committee is likely to hold several more large public hearings throughout the spring that will cluster individual bills based on their proposals and the different aspects of legalization implementation.

Opportunity Agenda

In other news, Legislative Democrats unveiled the “Opportunity Agenda” last week, a counter-proposal to the most recent LePage biennial budget. The program is touted by Democrats as providing the largest property tax cut in history, funded partially through new revenues created by adult-use marijuana legalization.

What can your Animal Control Officer do for you?

I remember the days (and I don’t mean they were necessarily the good old days) when Animal Control Officers were called “dog catchers”.  They had a truck, picked up stray dogs, and did not try to help the dogs or reunite them with their families.  They instead took the animals to the “pound”, the owners may or may not have been informed, and if the dog was not timely picked up by the family, the dog was euthanized.   

An Evolving Role

Animal Control Officers’ roles have evolved quite a bit since that time and, in my opinion, for the better.  A “good” Animal Control Officer (ACO) will do much more for a municipality than just keep stray animals off the streets.  An ACO can be a community relations officer for the municipality, maybe even an educator, helping the community he or she serves understand their obligations as pet owners – vaccination requirements, pet and kennel licensing requirements, leash laws and the like.  ACOs can help identify community cat colonies, hoarding situations, and people in need of assistance for the spaying and neutering of their pets. 

Of course, ACOs are also enforcement officers, and their positions are often within the applicable police department. ACOs are not armed with guns, but they do have the ability to request subpoenas and warrants working the District Attorney’s office in their jurisdiction.   ACOs can accompany police officers on calls when animals are involved because ACOs are trained to deal with animals in stressful situations.  

Training in Maine and Beyond

In Maine, ACOs must go through a four-day training program (about 4 to 5 hours of training per day) and then are required to satisfy on-going continuing legal education requirements. With the support of their municipality, some ACOs will further their education by taking additional classes to enhance their value to the community. Although this observation is mostly anecdotal, it seems that there is a shortage of trained ACOs to fulfill the needs of Maine’s municipalities.  Positions are often part-time, with some ACOs being spread thin because of having to serve multiple municipalities.

In The Neighborhood

Given the current popularity of pets, my bet is that members in a community welcome a well-informed, friendly ACO, ready to assist with helping them understand their obligations as pet-guardians, but also looking to the ACO to be their eyes and ears for cases of neglect, cruelty, and when other enforcement actions are required.

Next up – a discussion of the help available to municipalities to address community cat colonies.

Maine's Joint Select Committee on Marijuana Legalization Implementation

Possession of up to 2.5 ounces of marijuana for recreational purposes has now been legal in the State of Maine for three weeks. The world as we know it seems unchanged. This, of course, follows the passage of last year’s Question #1 ballot initiative that sought to legalize the use of marijuana and was ultimately successful at the ballot box. Differences of opinion between various legislative factions and Governor Paul LePage over which bureaucratic agency should oversee eventual permitting for the commercial sale of marijuana also led to the late January passage of an emergency bill to make technical changes to the ballot initiative.

The passage of Question #1 led Maine’s 186-member legislature to respectively introduce roughly 70 individual pieces of legislation that would seek to impact the State’s relationship with marijuana in any number of ways. To best deal with this slew of bills that would otherwise be referred to several legislative committees, but chief among them the Joint Standing Committee on Veterans and Legal Affairs, legislative leadership last month agreed to the creation of a Joint Select Committee on Marijuana Legalization Implementation. This temporary, session-only committee will take up these bills in public hearing and continue to work them over the course of the 1st Regular Session of the 128th Legislature, which is likely to adjourn in June.

The Joint Select Committee has scheduled a public forum on the implementation of marijuana legalization that will be held Tuesday, February 28 at 1:00 P.M. in Room 216 of the Cross Office Building.

LePage Demands Stall Marijuana Law

Yesterday the already tumultuous story of LD 88, "An Act To Delay the Implementation of Certain Portions of the Marijuana Legalization Act" took an increasingly intriguing turn when the bill was enacted by the Legislature but failed to meet Governor LePage's policy demands.

LD 88 was introduced by Rep. Louis Luchini (D-Ellsworth) earlier this month in response to last November's passage of referendum Question 1, which legalized recreational marijuana use. The ballot initiative failed to include language that could ensure minors would not be able to legally purchase or possess marijuana and this necessitated an amendment broadly accepted by the marijuana industry and community.

A more contentious aspect of the bill was to delay implementation of rule-making for three months, which was widely regarded as a heavy-handed delay of the implementation of the entire referendum. This common misconception frustrated stakeholders and many lawmakers during the bill's public hearing and work sessions as marijuana activists lambasted what they considered nefarious intent.

During the Legislature's Joint Standing Committee on Veterans and Legal Affairs' time working the bill Governor LePage made relatively little comment and did not get directly involved in goings-on around the document. That all changed during the middle part of this week, however, when the Blaine House began making noise that the Governor would veto an otherwise smooth ascendency of LD 88 if it did not hand retail licensing authority to the Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages & Lottery Operations rather than house it under the Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry.

The left flank of the House Democratic Caucus was always uncomfortable with any mention of "delay" in relation to Question 1 and so the ground was fertile for knee-jerk disagreement when House Republicans sponsored a floor amendment proposing to make LePage's demanded changes, which also included 1.6 million dollars to better fund rule-making. The amendment was rejected in the House yesterday morning and both bodies of the Legislature moved swiftly to enact the bill in its original form.

There continued to be much uncertainty, though, as Governor LePage's threat to veto LD 88 loomed large over the Legislature. He is capable of holding the bill for ten business days without signing it or allowing it to become law and has been known to wait till the last hour to issue vetoes.

At 4 pm yesterday afternoon legislative leadership met with the Governor to try to avert an impending "crisis." They feared failing to have the bill signed by the Governor before the January 30 implementation of Question 1. The Governor indicated he might not issue a veto, and the media has reported he has refused to sign or veto it but there is broad consensus within the State House that any gubernatorial action during the next ten business days is possible.

VLA Reports out Marijuana Amendment

The Veterans and Legal Affairs Committee (“VLA”) held a public hearing on Tuesday of this week on LD 88, which lasted for just under four hours with several dozen members of the public testifying. There were more people there to testify against the bill, mainly organized by Paul McCarrier and Legalize Maine.

VLA met yesterday to work LD 88 a second time. They voted unanimously to support amendments and completed language review. The bill will be on the House calendar on Tuesday, so it can get it to the Governor as soon as possible.

The Committee addressed several issues:

1. Definitions: the amendment replaces the initiative definitions with definitions that mirror the criminal definitions. They try to refer to both marijuana and marijuana concentrate together mostly throughout the amendment when possible.
2. Minor issue: the Committee adopted their own provision specifically tied to prohibiting possession and applying tiered penalties. They opted to pass the comprehensive minor provisions on to the joint select committee to address.
3. Non-public definition: the Committee opted to limit to private residence "including curtilage" or "private property, not generally accessible to the public." There was a lot of discussion around use in motor vehicles (while in operation, buses, RVs, etc.), but they settled on focusing the language on consumption in a motor vehicle while the vehicle is in operation. They prohibit use on property used for daycares and in designated smoking areas under the Workplace Smoking Act. They apply fines for violations.
4. Rulemaking: adoption "shall" occur 9 months after the effective date of the MLA. The Department of Agriculture will be allowed to delegate rulemaking to the Department of Administrative and Financial Services and the Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages and Lottery.
5. Amounts: they used the MA language 2.5 oz of marijuana "except that no more than 5 grams may be in the form of marijuana concentrate." They opted to defer the weight issue - distinguishing this weight from the weight of the product (brownies, butter, etc.) - to the joint select committee. 

Legal Marijuana – High on the Legislative Agenda

In the wake of Question 1's passage on last November's referendum ballot in Maine, marijuana legalization must now be implemented via programs overseen by the Legislature and Executive Branch. This has led to a spate of proposed legislation —65 individual bills in total—that now seek to modify forthcoming programs, rein in or loosen legalization, make slight tweaks to the referendum language, or affect any number of other contours within the marijuana debate.

While the conversation in popular culture often remains a base assessment of marijuana's "effects" and if it should or should not be considered a drug, the policy story is a much different one. The vast majority of debate that has and will continue to rage at the Maine State House will center on which proponents of marijuana will see it regulated as they would most like.

This regulatory debate coupled with the sheer number of marijuana related bills has led legislative leadership to tentatively agree on a "joint-select committee" on marijuana. As opposed to the Legislature's regular "joint-standing committees" the joint select will exist only so long as it is intended to by its enactors and will specifically deal with marijuana legislation. They will have the full powers of a legislative committee in that area and will be able to hear, work, and report out bills. Legislative leadership is expected to announce the committee's membership next week. The irony that it is a joint committee is appreciated by one and all.

One of the 65 proposed bills has garnered the lion's share of interest, ire, and media attention thus far. LD 88 would delay the implementation of the Question 1 for one year as language changes were made to the impending statute. LD 88 had its first hearing today at 1 p.m. before the Veterans & Legal Affairs Committee.